Multilingualism in Europe: Past and Present

Throughout the history of Europe, multilingualism has been a common reality, especially among the upper and upper-middle classes. This article explores how language proficiency was valued during the 19th century, how it has evolved over time, and the current state of multilingualism among Europeans.

Historical Background: The 19th Century

In the 19th century, it was quite common for the educated upper classes to know more than one European language. French was particularly prominent, being considered the language of diplomacy, culture, and high society. This explains why, in works such as Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, both Russian and French are used.

Many countries, including Russia, placed a high value on multilingualism. For instance, in the Russian court, French was the language of choice. This reflects the broader trend where knowing multiple languages was seen as a mark of sophistication and international connectivity.

Challenges and Segregated Society

While multilingualism was widespread among the upper classes, Russian society itself was highly segregated. A relatively small and educated elite comprised the nobility and landowners, while the rest of the population, often illiterate and impoverished, made up the majority of the populace. Serfdom, the system of bonded labor, did not end until the 1860s, further emphasizing the stark social divide.

The elite, including the nobles who wrote War and Peace, favored French over Russian. French was viewed as the language of the privileged class, a symbol of cultural and political distinction. It was not merely for practical purposes but also a matter of status and identity. Russian, on the other hand, was seen as the language of the lower classes.

Modern-Day Multilingualism

Today, multilingualism remains an important aspect of European life, albeit for different reasons. In many European countries, citizens often learn English and another European language in school. This is due to the increasing importance of English as an international lingua franca and the historical and geographical context of each country.

For instance, in Germany, residents may learn French, and in Spain, they might learn Portuguese or French. The European Union (EU) has also promoted multilingualism as a goal, encouraging citizens to learn at least two foreign languages in addition to their native tongue. This policy helps foster better communication and understanding among people from different European countries, contributing to the cultural, economic, and political integration of the region.

Conclusion

From the 19th century's emphasis on French in courts and among the elite to the current multilingual environment, Europe has seen significant shifts in how languages are valued and utilized. Understanding these historical and contemporary contexts provides insight into the evolving role of languages in shaping European culture and society.