### Introduction
During the late Roman period and the subsequent years, Britain underwent significant changes. After the Romans left around 410 AD, the island experienced a period of instability and fragmentation before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons who began their migration in the 5th century. This transitional period was characterized by the presence of various groups that inhabited England. Let us explore the nature and characteristics of these inhabitants during this critical period of British history.
### Post-Roman Britons and Their Legacy
#### Romanized Britons
Many native Britons, heavily influenced by Roman culture, continued to reside in the region. They maintained a presence in both towns and rural areas and relied on the remnants of Roman infrastructure for their daily lives. These individuals, often referred to as Romanized Britons, played a vital role in the post-Roman landscape. Despite the departure of the Roman soldiers and administrators, these formerly Romanized Britons managed to preserve pieces of Roman culture and governance in their communities.
#### Picts and Scots
In the northern regions, particularly in what we now refer to as Scotland, the Picts and Scots were prominent. The Picts are known for their unique culture, art, and way of life, while the Scots, originally from Ireland, began settling in western Britain. The presence of these distinct tribal groups in the north underscore the complex and diverse social fabric that existed during this era. Despite Roman influence, these groups maintained their own identities and contributed to the rich tapestry of British history.
### Further Inhabitants: Irish Raiders and Settlers
The Irish also played a significant role during this transitional period. They began raiding and establishing settlements in regions like present-day Wales and Cornwall. These incursions and the subsequent establishment of Irish communities in these areas are a testament to the dynamic and sometimes violent nature of this period in British history. The interplay between the local populations and these Irish raiders and settlers resulted in a complex social and cultural landscape.
### Other Celtic Tribes
In addition to the Romanized Britons, Picts, Scots, and Irish, various other Celtic tribes inhabited different parts of Britain. These groups maintained their distinct languages and cultures, contributing to the linguistic and cultural diversity of the region. Their presence is a testament to the enduring strength and resilience of these tribal groups in the face of changing political and social climates.
### The Transition and Legacy
The period after the Romans left is often referred to as the sub-Roman or post-Roman period. It marks a significant transition in British culture and society. This era was not just a waiting game before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons but a period of continuous adaptation and gradual change. The surviving communities, whether they were Romanized, Pictish, Scottish, or Celtic, all left their mark on the subsequent centuries.
### Anglo-Saxon Migration and Integration
It is important to dispel certain misconceptions about the Anglo-Saxon migration and its impact on British society. Some Anglo-Saxons arrived before the Romans left, while many more followed after their departure. According to historians, the number of Anglo-Saxon invaders was relatively small in comparison to the population of the time.
The same people continued to inhabit Britain after the Romans left, effectively preparing the landscape for the Anglo-Saxon invasion. The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons did not signify the complete replacement of the existing population but rather a transformation brought about by intermarriage and integration. While the Saxons and Angles did conquer parts of southern and central Britain, the DNA evidence shows that the majority of the population of what became the Saxon and Angle kingdoms was still comprised of ancient Britons.
### Conclusion and Legacy
The post-Roman period in England was a time of resilience and adaptation, where various groups of people coexisted and eventually integrated. The legacy of the Romanized Britons, Picts, Scots, Irish settlers, and other Celtic tribes can still be seen in the cultural and genetic heritage of today's British people. Despite the challenges and upheaval of this era, the communities that remained after the Romans left played a crucial role in shaping the future of England. Today, the DNA of every person whose ancestry in Great Britain goes back to 1066 or before is still at least 60% ancient British, reflecting the enduring legacy of those who lived in England during the post-Roman period.